Misinformation on resuscitation and first aid as an uncontrolled problem that demands close attention: a brief scoping review.

OBJECTIVES: Misinformation is currently recognised by the World Health Organization as an apparent threat to public health. This study aimed to provide an outline of published evidence on misinformation related to the potentially life-saving interventions - first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). STUDY DESIGN: A scoping review. METHODS: The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. English-language publications describing original studies that evaluated the quality of publicly available information on first aid and/or CPR were included without limitations to the year of publication. RESULTS: Forty-four original studies published between 1982 and 2023 were reviewed. Annual number of publications varied from 0 to 6. The studies have focused on the evaluation of information concerning initial care of cardiac arrest, choking, heart attack, poisoning, burns, and other emergencies. Forty three studies (97.7 %) have reported varying frequencies of misinformation, when public sources, including websites, YouTube videos, and modern artificial intelligence-based chatbots, omitted life-saving instructions on first aid or CPR or contained incorrect information that contradicted relevant international guidelines. Eleven studies (25.0 %) have also revealed potentially harmful advice, which, if followed by an unsuspecting person, may cause direct injury or death of a victim. CONCLUSIONS: Misinformation concerning CPR and first aid cannot be ignored and demands close attention from relevant stakeholders to mitigate its harmful impacts. More studies are urgently needed to determine optimal methods for detecting and measuring misinformation, to understand mechanisms that drive its spread, and to develop effective measures to correct and prevent misinformation.

Desafíos en la enseñanza escolar de los primeros auxilios: análisis de la legislación educativa (LOMLOE) y orientación curricular / Challenges in teaching first aids at schools: analysis of spanish educational legislation (LOMLOE) and curricular guidance

Fundamentos: la enseñanza de los primeros auxilios (ppaa) a escolares y jóvenes es una estrategia prioritaria en salud pública. El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar y analizar la nueva legislación educativa en el marco curricular de ppaa, lo cual es necesario para ofrecer a los docentes y sanitarios una guía práctica que oriente la enseñanza para formar a primeros intervinientes en las diferentes etapas escolares. Métodos: un grupo de cuatro expertos con experiencia curricular en los diferentes niveles educativos, así como en el campo de los ppaa, participaron en este análisis. La metodología consistió en un enfoque de análisis de consenso sobre el contenido de los reales decretos (rd) de educación primaria (rd 157/2022), secundaria (rd 217/2022) y bachillerato (rd 243/2022) que desarrollan curricularmente la ley orgánica 3/2020 (lomloe). Resultados: en el análisis de los tres rd se encontraron diez conceptos generales: prevención de accidentes; protocolo proteger, alertar, socorrer (pas); protocolo 1-1-2; posición lateral de seguridad (pls); reanimación cardiopulmonar (rcp); desfibrilador externo automático o semiautomático (dea/desa); obstrucción de vía aérea por cuerpo extraño (ovace); ppaa; traslado de accidentados; e ictus. A lo largo de todas las etapas educativas fueron veintisiete las veces en que aparecían explícitamente contenidos vinculados con la prevención de accidentes o al aprendizaje de ppaa. Conclusiones: el currículo actual dota de contenido en materia de ppaa desde los ocho-nueve años (3º de educación primaria). Al finalizar la enseñanza secundaria obligatoria, todo el alumnado debería saber identificar la parada cardíaca, alertar a los servicios de emergencias, iniciar las maniobras de reanimación, usar el desfibrilador y saber actuar ante un atragantamiento.(AU)

Background: teaching first aid (fa) to children and young people is a priority strategy in public health. The aim of this paper was to review and analyze new educational legislation within the fa curriculum framework, which is necessary for providing teachers and healthcare professionals with a practical guide that guides teaching to train first responders in different school stages.methods: a group of four experts with curricular experience at different educational levels, as well as in the field of fa, partici-pated in this analysis. The methodology involved a consensus analysis approach on the content of the spanish royal decrees (rd) for primary education (rd 157/2022), secondary education (rd 217/2022), and baccalaureate (rd 243/2022) that develop the curriculum of the organic law 3/2020 (lomloe).results: in the analysis of the three rd, ten general concepts were identified: accident prevention; protocol protect, alert, assist (pas); 1-1-2 protocol; recovery position (pls); cardiopulmonary resuscitation (cpr); automated external or semi-automatic defibrillator (aed); foreign body airway obstruction (fbao); fa; transportation of the injured; and stroke. Throughout all educational stages, in twenty-seven instances appeared content explicitly related to accident prevention or the learning of fa.conclusions: the current curriculum provides fa content from the age of eight-nine (3rd year of primary education). By the end of compulsory education, all students should be able to identify cardiac arrest, alert emergency services, initiate resuscitation maneuvers, use the defibrillator, and know how to respond to choking incidents.(AU)

Psychological first aid practice self-efficacy of nurses in disasters.

In the present cross-sectional study, we determined the self-efficacy of nurses to apply psychological first aid (PFA) during disasters. The study sample consisted of 580 nurses working in Turkey. The data were collected online between July and November 2022 using the "Personal Information Form" and the "PFA Application Self-Efficacy Scale." The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods (number, percentage, mean, and standard deviation), generalized linear models, Bonferroni correction, and linear regression analysis. The mean PFA scale scores of male nurses, nurses working in intensive care units, working as service nurses, nurses who have previously received PFA training and applied PFA in disaster situations were higher. Moreover, 91.3% of nurses did not receive PFA training and 90.3% did not receive PFA service earlier, 31.0% did not apply for PFA, 18.3% did not know about PFA. The mean score of the PFA practice self-efficacy scale of nurses was 131.61 ± 19.41. There exists an urgent requirement to develop nurses' PFA application self-efficacy. It is recommended that nurses should be provided repeated PFA training and applied studies focusing on PFA interventions.

Knowledge, attitude, and sources of information towards burn first aid among people referred to a burn centre in the north of Iran.

Optimal management of burns begins with first aid from the first hours of injury. Adequate knowledge of how to perform first aid for burns can reduce the consequences of injury. Therefore, this study aims to determine the knowledge, attitude, and sources of information assessment towards burn First aid among people referred to a burn centre in the north of Iran. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to assess knowledge, attitude, and sources of information towards burn first aid among people referred to a burn centre in the north of Iran in 2023. In this survey, a convenience sampling method was adopted. The variables consisted of four items on socio-demographic information, 15 items on knowledge, ten items on attitude, and one item on sources of information related to burn First aid. A total of 371 individuals responded to the survey. The mean age of participants was 31.90 ± 8.49 years old. The mean score of the total knowledge of the participants in the research was 6.04 ± 3.05. There was a statistically significant relationship between the variables of age, sex, marital status, place of residence, level of education, and history of receiving first aid training with the participants' knowledge level. The average score of the total attitude of the participants was 44.08 ± 3.88. Out of 371 participants, 214 people (57.7%) had an average attitude, and 157 people (42.3%) had a good attitude towards burn first aid. There was a statistically significant relationship between place of residence, level of education, and history of receiving first aid training with the participants' attitudes in the research. In addition, the level of knowledge had a statistically significant relationship with the participants' attitude level in the research (p-value <0.001). The majority of participants have limited knowledge of burn first aid. This lack of knowledge could lead to severe consequences. Therefore, healthcare organizations should review and promote consistent guidelines for burn first aid to tackle and minimize the effect of this grave injury.

Diversity and training delivery trends in psychological first aid during COVID-19: Implications for researchers and practitioners.

OBJECTIVE: Psychological first aid (PFA) refers to evidence-supported intervention by nonmental health professionals to assist those affected by disaster to achieve stability. This study probed the level of PFA academic discourse on three important topics (race/ethnicity, general training and delivery, and online training delivery) and explored PFA training delivery trends. METHOD: This study reviewed all available abstracts in the Web of Science database from 1975 to 2021 with keyword searches for PFA. The corpus linguistic analyses using #Lancsbox 6.0 and Sketch Engine explored the usage rate of PFA and how the PFA was used. The study also examined race/ethnicity, learning delivery except for online, and online training delivery methods. The change in online PFA training delivery with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic was analyzed using Tau with the subcorpora (2012-2020, 2020-2021). RESULTS: The race and diversity usage rates were only 6.11 per 10,000 counts, while the substantive discourse was on PFA service and delivery. There was a significant increase in PFA online training since COVID-19 started (Tau = 0.667, p = 0.041, SETau = 0.333). CONCLUSIONS: Training and delivering online PFA is the safest method to meet the need for psychological aid during the global health crisis. Additionally, there is a significant need to address multicultural competency in PFA training and service delivery. PFA as an early critical intervention should be promoted as an early government response. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Development of mental health first-aid guidelines for suicide risk: a Delphi expert consensus study in Argentina and Chile.

BACKGROUND: Suicide continues to pose a significant global public health challenge and ranks as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Given the prevalence of suicide risk in the community, there is a significant likelihood of encountering individuals who may be experiencing suicidal thoughts or plans, creating an opening for non-health professionals to offer support. This study aims to culturally adapt the original Australian Mental Health First Aid Guidelines for suicide risk to the Chilean and Argentine context. METHODS: A two-round Delphi expert consensus study was conducted involving two panels, one comprising individuals with personal experience in suicide thoughts/attempts or caregiving for those with such experiences (n = 18), and the other consisting of professionals specialized in suicide assessment and support for individuals at risk (n = 25). They rated a total of 179 items mainly derived from guidelines developed by Australian experts and translated into Spanish (168), and new items included by the research team (11). The panel members were requested to assess each item utilizing a five-point Likert scale. During the second round, items that received moderate approval in the initial round were re-evaluated, and new items suggested by the local experts in the first round were also subjected to evaluation in the next round. Inclusion in the final guidelines required an 80% endorsement as "essential" or "important" from both panels. RESULTS: Consensus of approval was reached for 189 statements. Among these, 139 statements were derived from the English-language guidelines, while 50 locally generated statements were accepted during the second round. A significant difference from the original guideline was identified concerning the local experts' reluctance to discuss actions collaboratively with adolescents. Furthermore, the local experts proposed the inclusion of an entirely new section addressing suicide risk in older individuals, particularly focusing on suicide methods and warning signs. CONCLUSIONS: A Delphi expert consensus study was conducted to culturally adapt mental health first aid guidelines for assessing suicide risk in Chile and Argentina. This study involved professionals and individuals with lived experience. While many items were endorsed, some related to inquiring about suicide risk and autonomy, particularly for adolescents, were not. An additional section for older individuals was introduced. Future research should explore the implementation and impact of these adapted guidelines in training courses. This is vital for enhancing mental health support and implementing effective suicide prevention strategies in Chile and Argentina.

Nursing, history, and orthopedics in manuals (1875-1928).

OBJECTIVES: to discuss the content of manuals, with emphasis on orthopedics, in support of the development of nursing care culture. METHODS: cultural-historical method articulated with document analysis technique. The sources were nursing manuals - Portuguese, French, English, and Spanish - from 1875 to 1928. RESULTS: this study pointed to 12 works - 6 authored by physicians, 2 by nurses, 3 institutional, and 1 by a Sister of Charity - that presented, in a transversal way, the professionalization process initiated in Europe. The manuals addressed first aid care and immobilization methods, from the simplest, such as improvised splints, to the application of plaster casts. CONCLUSIONS: the nurses' work, even in a limited capacity, showed that they were able to observe warning signs so that doctors could act, with some exceptions.

Curso teórico online de primeiros socorros na escola: percepção dos professores da educação básica / In-school first aid online theoretical course: perception of basic education teachers

Introdução: Na escola os acidentes normalmente são testemunhados pelo professor, que é a figura responsável pelas crianças e adolescentes. Embora a literatura indique a relevância dos cursos em primeiros socorros, torna-se necessário entender a visão dos cursistas, como protagonistas do processo de aprendizagem, para adequar as ações formativas e as tecnologias utilizadas, uma vez que a educação em saúde pode reduzir drasticamente as taxas de lesões não intencionais. Objetivo: Conhecer as percepções dos professores de uma escola de educação básica privada a respeito do curso online de fundamentos teóricos de primeiros-socorros. Método: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo e descritivo. O estudo foi realizado em um centro de educação básica privado do Sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre os meses de janeiro a março de 2022. A população de estudo foi constituída por dez professores, que realizaram o curso de extensão online ''Fundamentos teóricos de primeiros-socorros na escola''. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, mediada por tecnologia remota e a análise foi feita por meio da Análise Temática. Resultados: O trabalho interpretativo resultou em dois temas e um subtema respectivamente: ''Primeiros socorros como um novo objeto para os professores da educação básica''; ''Contribuições do curso online: novas aprendizagens em primeiros socorros''; ''A falta de aulas práticas como limite da estratégia de ensino''. Conclusão: O curso online despontou-se como recurso útil para capacitação de professores em primeiros socorros, amplia o conhecimento e abre um campo para reflexão sobre a segurança do ambiente escolar. Contudo, a ausência de conteúdo prático é apontada como um limite da estratégia, porque não oportuniza o desenvolvimento das habilidades psicomotoras.

Introducción: En la escuela, los accidentes suelen ser presenciados por la persona docente, quien es el responsable de la persona menor de edad. Aunque la literatura indica la relevancia de los cursos de primeros auxilios, es necesario comprender la visión de quienes participan del curso. Al ser protagonistas del proceso de aprendizaje, se deben adaptar las acciones de formación y las tecnologías utilizadas, ya que la educación en salud puede reducir drásticamente las tasas de lesiones no intencionales. Objetivo: Conocer las percepciones del cuerpo docente de una escuela privada de educación básica sobre el curso en línea de fundamentos teóricos de primeros auxilios. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio cualitativo y descriptivo que se llevó a cabo en un centro privado de educación básica en el sur de Minas Gerais, Brasil. La recopilación de datos tuvo lugar de enero a marzo de 2022. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por diez docentes, que participaron del curso de extensión en línea ''Fundamentos teóricos de los primeros auxilios en la escuela''. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de una entrevista semiestructurada, mediada por tecnología remota y el análisis de los datos se llevó a cabo mediante análisis temático. Resultados: El trabajo interpretativo resultó en dos temas y un subtema respectivamente: ''Los primeros auxilios como objeto nuevo para los docentes de educación básica'', ''Aportes del curso en línea: nuevos aprendizajes en primeros auxilios''y ''La falta de clases prácticas como límite de la estrategia docente''. Conclusión: El curso en línea surgió como un recurso útil para la capacitación de profesores en primeros auxilios, ampliando el conocimiento y abriendo un campo para la reflexión sobre la seguridad escolar. Sin embargo, la falta de contenido práctico se señala como una limitación de la estrategia, ya que no ofrece oportunidades para el desarrollo de habilidades psicomotoras.

Introduction: At school, accidents are often witnessed by the teacher, who is responsible for the children and adolescents. Although the literature indicates the relevance of first aid courses, it is necessary to understand the perceptions of course participants, as the protagonists in this learning process, to adapt the training actions and the technologies used, since health education can drastically reduce unintentional injury rates. Objective: To understand the teacher perceptions in a private elementary school regarding the online course on first aid theoretical fundamentals. Methods: This is a qualitative and descriptive study that was developed in a private elementary school in the south of Minas Gerais, Brazil. the data collection was from January to March 2022. The study population consisted of ten teachers, who participated in the online extension course ''Theoretical Fundamentals of first aid in schools''. The data collection was done through a semi-structured interview, mediated by remote technology, and the information was analyzed using Thematic Analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in two themes and a subtheme respectively: ''First aid as a new topic for elementary school teachers''; ''Contributions of the online course: new learning in first aid''and ''The lack of practical classes as a limitation of the teaching strategy''. Conclusion: The online course has emerged as a useful resource for training teachers in first aid, expanding knowledge, and disclosing a field for reflection on school safety. However, the lack of practical content is identified as a limitation of the strategy, as it does not provide opportunities for the development of psychomotor skills.

Effects of an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mental Health First Aid training programme for non-suicidal self-injury on stigmatising attitudes, confidence in ability to assist, and intended and actual assisting actions: an uncontrolled trial with precourse and postcourse measurement and 6-month follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a complex issue affecting Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Peoples in Australia. We evaluated the effects of an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mental Health First Aid (AMHFA) training course on assisting an Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander person engaging in NSSI, including the effects on stigmatising attitudes, confidence in ability to assist, and intended and actual assisting actions. DESIGN: Uncontrolled trial with precourse and postcourse measurement (n=49) and 6-month follow-up (n=17). SETTING: Participants attended courses that were run in Queensland and Victorian communities and through one national organisation. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 49 adults who worked directly with Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Peoples. INTERVENTION: The 5-hour 'Talking About Non-Suicidal Self-Injury' course was delivered by accredited AMHFA instructors and teaches people how to support an Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander person who is engaging in NSSI. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome measures were stigmatising attitudes, confidence in ability to assist, and intended and actual actions to assist a person engaging in NSSI. RESULTS: Improvements were observed in stigmatising attitudes, with significant changes from precourse in both the 'weak-not-sick' (postcourse p<0.0623; follow-up p=0.0058) and 'dangerous/unpredictable' (postcourse p<0.0001; follow-up p=0.0036) subscales. Participants' confidence in ability to assist increased significantly both postcourse (p<0.0001) and at follow-up (p<0.0001). Despite a high level of endorsement for the nine recommended assisting actions at precourse, significant improvements (p<0.05) were observed in endorsement for six and four of the assisting actions postcourse and at follow-up, respectively. Course content was rated as being somewhat (3.4%), mostly (13.8%) or very (82.7%) culturally appropriate by participants who identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this uncontrolled trial were encouraging, suggesting that the Talking About Non-Suicidal Self-Injury course was able to improve participants' attitudes, confidence and intended assisting actions.

Effectiveness of Psychological First Aid e-Orientation among the General Population in Muntinlupa, the Philippines.

This present study examined the effectiveness of the Psychological First Aid (PFA) e-orientation as well as face-to-face PFA orientation among the general population in Muntinlupa City, the Philippines. The e-orientation group consisted of 150 participants who received a two-hour PFA e-orientation (male: 47, female: 97, others: 6, mean age: 33.4 (SD = 12.1)), the face-to-face (F2F) group consisted of 139 participants who received a two-hour face-to-face PFA orientation (male: 41, female: 95, others: 3, mean age: 35.0 (SD = 13.8)), and the control group consisted of 117 participants who received a two-hour face-to-face health promotion orientation for obesity (male: 48, female: 65, others: 4, mean age: 34.2 (SD = 13.8)). In order to see the effect of these interventions, the confidence to provide PFAs was compared between the pre- and post-interventions in each group with paired t-tests. Further, the number of correct answers regarding the knowledge on PFA was also compared between the pre- and post-interventions utilizing a McNemar test. The results demonstrated that the mean scores on the confidence increased significantly in the e-orientation (pre: 25.1 (SD = 4.7), post: 26.1 (SD = 5.3), p = 0.02) and F2F (pre: 26.2 (SD = 6.0), post: 29.6 (SD = 6.9), p < 0.01) groups. Regarding knowledge on PFA, in the e-orientation group, the number of those who answered correctly increased significantly in a question (pre: 10, post: 24, p = 0.01), and there was a trend for improvement in another question (pre: 63, post: 76, p = 0.06). In the F2F group, the number of those who answered correctly increased significantly in two questions (pre: 21, post: 38, p < 0.01, and pre: 5, post: 14, p = 0.05), and there were trends for improvement in two questions (pre: 69, post: 82, p = 0.06, and pre: 17, post: 27, p = 0.09), while in the control group, there were no significant differences in any of the questions between pre- and post-intervention. The results suggest that both the PFA e-orientation and face-to-face orientation are effective for the general population in terms of increasing confidence and knowledge related to PFA.

Metodologias educativas na aprendizagem de primeiros socorros em escolas: Revisão de Escopo / Educational methodologies in learning first aid in schools: scope review / Metodologías educativas en el aprendizaje de los primeros auxilios en la escuela: revisión del alcance

Objetivo: descrever as metodologias educativas e seus resultados no ensino de primeiros socorros para professores e estudantes do Ensino Fundamental. Método: revisão de escopo com artigos publicados em português, inglês ou espanhol. Incluíram-se artigos originais, artigos de revisão e relatos de experiência sobre metodologias de ensino-aprendizagem em primeiros socorros. A revisão abrangeu 21 estudos publicados entre os anos de 2015 e 2020. Resultados: abordagens educativas tradicionais do tipo treinamento teórico-prático predominaram; entretanto, como mais efetivas, foram apontadas as metodologias que oportunizam a participação ativa dos educandos na construção dos cenários e desafios de aprendizagem. As competências para educação em primeiros socorros demandam domínio de habilidades, conhecimentos e atitudes, podendo ser desenvolvidas por leigos (professores e estudantes), desde que eles recebam o devido treinamento. Aplicação pré e pós-teste foi o recurso utilizado para aferir os resultados da relação ensino-aprendizagem, com expressiva variabilidade quanto aos critérios amostrais e temporais. Conclusão: independente da metodologia educativa e do método avaliativo utilizados, a aprendizagem de primeiros socorros nas escolas produz impacto positivo na autoeficácia das respostas às situações de emergência, tanto para estudantes quanto para professores. O ensino deve ser estimulado no ambiente escolar, de acordo com as especificidades de faixa etária e com periodicidade anual.(AU)

Objective: to describe educational methodologies and their results in teaching first aid to elementary school teachers and students. Method: scoping review with articles published in Portuguese, English or Spanish. Original articles, review articles and experience reports on teaching-learning methodologies in first aid were included. The review covered 21 studies published between 2015 and 2020. Results: traditional educational approaches of the theoretical-practical training type predominated; however, as more effective, methodologies that provide the active participation of students in the construction of learning scenarios and challenges were highlighted. Competencies for first aid education require mastery of skills, knowledge, and attitudes, and can be developed by lay people (teachers and students) if they receive the appropriate training. Pre- and post-test application was the resource used to assess the results of the teaching-learning relationship, with significant variability in terms of sampling and temporal criteria. Conclusion: regardless of the educational methodology and evaluation method used, learning first aid in schools has a positive impact on self-efficacy in responding to emergency situations, both for students and teachers. Teaching must be encouraged in the school environment, according to the specificities of the age group and on an annual basis.(AU)

Objetivo: describir metodologías educativas y sus resultados en la enseñanza de primeros auxilios a profesores y alumnos de enseñanza primaria. Método: revisión exploratoria con artículos publicados en portugués, inglés o español. Se incluyeron artículos originales, artículos de revisión e informes de experiencias sobre metodologías de enseñanza-aprendizaje en primeros auxilios. Resultados: la revisión abarcó 21 estudios publicados entre 2015 y 2020. Predominaron los enfoques educativos tradicionales de tipo formativo teórico-práctico, sin embargo, las metodologías que brindan oportunidades para la participación activa de los estudiantes en la construcción de escenarios y desafíos de aprendizaje fueron señaladas como las más efectivas. Las competencias para la enseñanza de primeros auxilios exigen el dominio de habilidades, conocimientos y actitudes, y pueden ser desarrolladas por personas legas (profesores y alumnos), siempre que estén debidamente cualificadas. La aplicación de pre y postest fue el recurso utilizado para evaluar los resultados de la relación enseñanza-aprendizaje, con variabilidad significativa en cuanto a los criterios de muestra y tiempo. Conclusión: independientemente de la metodología educativa y del método de evaluación utilizados, el aprendizaje de primeros auxilios en la escuela tiene un impacto positivo en la autoeficacia para responder a situaciones de emergencia, tanto para los alumnos como para los profesores. La enseñanza debe estimularse en el medio escolar de acuerdo con las especificidades del grupo de edad, con periodicidad anual.(AU)

Intentions and confidence as predictors of mental health first aid: Findings from a longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Mental health first aid (MHFA) training can improve confidence and intention to help a person with a mental health problem, but there is limited research exploring whether this results in better support provided. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between a person's confidence and intention to help with the quality of support provided. METHODS: Australian public servants who had received MHFA training or Physical First Aid training (n = 152) completed questionnaires exploring attitudes and skills for assisting someone at work with a mental health problem. Data on confidence and intention to help was used to predict quality of support provided at 1 and 2-year follow-up. Data were analysed using linear and logistic regression. RESULTS: Intention to help predicted the quality of support for assisting someone at work at follow-up (rs=0.15-0.20, p < .0.05), while confidence in providing help only predicted quality of support 1-year later (rs = 0.42, p = .032). These relationships were significantly attenuated after controlling for personal stigma, desire for social distance, gender, age, language spoken at home, level of education and whether participant managed staff. Furthermore, there were some large associations between intentions to perform specific first aid actions and carrying out the same action at follow-up such as for encouraging professional help at 2-year follow-up (OR=8.20, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that intended actions to support a person with a mental health problem can predict the quality of support provided up to 2 years later. Future research should clarify whether this support benefits the mental health of recipients.

Impact of the Use of Simulated Patients in Basic First Aid Training on Laypeople Knowledge, Skills, and Self-efficacy: A Controlled Experimental Study.

BACKGROUND: First aid training is a cost-effective way to improve public health, but the most effective methods to teach first aid are currently unclear. The aim of this research was to investigate the added value of simulated patients during first aid certification trainings. METHODS: Occupational first aid trainings organized by the Belgian Red Cross between September 2018 and August 2019 were allocated to either training with a simulated patient or regular training, for the topics "stroke" and "burns." Participants' knowledge and self-efficacy related to these topics were assessed at baseline, directly after training and after 1 year. First aid skills for "stroke" and "burns" and participant satisfaction were assessed after training. Knowledge and self-efficacy were measured via a questionnaire, and skills were assessed during a practical skills test. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed model analyses. RESULTS: A total of 1113 participants were enrolled, 403 in the simulated patient group and 710 in the control group. First aid knowledge and self-efficacy increased strongly immediately after training. These increases did not differ between groups, nor did the level of practical skills. The simulated patient group had a significantly increased retention in first aid knowledge after 1 year, compared with control, while retention in self-efficacy did not differ. Participant satisfaction with training was similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Using simulated patients during occupational first aid trainings for laypeople did not improve outcomes immediately after training but did improve retention of first aid knowledge after 1 year. These results support the use of simulated patients during first aid training.

Cultural adaptation of the mental health first aid guidelines for Brazilians with problem drinking: a Delphi expert consensus study.

BACKGROUND: Harmful use of alcohol is highly prevalent around the world and results in a large disease burden. Most people who meet the criteria for an alcohol use disorder do not receive treatment. Those in a person's social network can be useful in recognizing a problem and encouraging the person to seek treatment. However, many people lack the knowledge and skills to do this effectively. This study reports on the cultural adaptation for Brazil of the 2009 English-language mental health first aid guidelines for helping someone with problem drinking. METHODS: A Delphi expert consensus study with two expert panels, one comprising health professionals with experience in the treatment of problem drinking and the other comprising people with lived experience was conducted. Participants rated the importance of actions to be taken to help a person with problem drinking. RESULTS: Over two rounds, 60 participants (30 professionals and 30 people with lived experience) rated 197 items. A total of 166 items were included in the final guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: While there were many similarities with the English-language guidelines for high-income countries, the guidelines also incorporate actions of importance for Brazil, including compulsory treatment and different approaches to dealing with people with problem drinking. Further research is necessary to assess their impact.

Development of mental health first aid guidelines for problem drinking: a Delphi expert consensus study in Argentina and Chile.

BACKGROUND: Among all psychoactive substances, alcohol consumption presents the most significant public health problem and is a leading risk factor for overall disease burden in Latin America. However, most people who meet criteria for a substance use disorder do not receive treatment in primary or secondary care sources. Community members can play a role in helping people to seek help as they are likely to encounter people experiencing problem drinking and recognize the signs. However, many do not have adequate mental health first aid knowledge or skills to provide help. We aimed to culturally adapt the existing English-language mental health first aid guidelines for helping someone with problem drinking for Argentina and Chile. METHODS: The Delphi consensus method was used to determine the importance of helping actions translated from the English-language guidelines and to add new actions suggested by expert panellists. The importance of each statement was rated by two expert panels. Panel one included people with lived experience (either their own or as a support person, n = 23) recruited in Argentina and panel two included health professionals (n = 31) recruited in Argentina and Chile. RESULTS: Overall, 165 helping actions were endorsed by panellists across two consecutive survey rounds. Endorsed items included 132 of the 182 items translated into Spanish from the English-language guidelines and 33 of the 61 new items generated from panellists' comments in the first survey round. CONCLUSIONS: While there were some similarities in recommended helping actions between English-speaking countries, and Argentina and Chile, key differences were seen in attitudes to low-risk drinking. While there was a relatively high level of agreement between health professionals and people with lived experience, some divergence of opinion was seen, particularly in the area of commitment to recovery as a condition for help. Future research should explore the implementation of the guidelines.

Suicide first aid guidelines for Indonesia: a Delphi consensus study.

BACKGROUND: The concept that "suicide is preventable" is fairly recent in Indonesia. Suicide prevention training is also new for community leaders and laypeople. On the other side, in a collectivistic society like Indonesia, community leaders, neighbours, and friends are essential parts of someone's life. Therefore, guidelines to assist first aiders in preventing suicide is urgently needed. AIM: This study aimed to develop guidelines to recognise key warning signs and provide first aid support to Indonesians at potential immediate risk for suicide. METHODS: The guidelines was developed through three steps: (i) systematic literature review; (ii) focus group discussions and interviews; and (iii) expert consensus using the Delphi approach. These steps were taken to ensure that the final guidelines reflected the cultural beliefs and norms of the Indonesian context. RESULTS: Three rounds of Delphi resulted in 460 accepted items out of 539 items generated from the literature search and group and individual interviews. Some key differences with other countries where similar studies were carried out were highlighted. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasised the need for gatekeeper training as the ideal way of educating community members on the guidelines.

Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction.

Anemonia viridis is an abundant and widely distributed temperate sea anemone that can form dense congregations of individuals. Despite the potential severity of its sting, few detailed cases have been reported. We report a case of a severe toxic reaction following an A. viridis sting in a 35-year-old oceanographer. She developed severe pain, itching, redness, and burning sensation, which worsened one week after treatment with anti-inflammatories, antihistamines and corticosteroids. Prompted by this event, and due to the insufficient risk prevention, lack of training for marine-environment users, and lack of research into sting-specific first-aid protocols, we evaluated the cnidocyst response to five different compounds commonly recommended as rinse solutions in first-aid protocols (seawater, vinegar, ammonia, baking soda, and freshwater) by means of the Tentacle Solution Assay. Vinegar and ammonia triggered an immediate and massive cnidocyst discharge after their application and were classified as activator solutions. Baking soda and freshwater were also classified as activator solutions, although with a lower intensity of discharge. Only seawater was classified as a neutral solution and therefore recommended as a rinse solution after A. viridis sting, at least until an inhibitory solution is discovered.

Duration of cooling with water for thermal burns as a first aid intervention: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Cooling thermal burns with running water is a recommended first aid intervention. However, guidance on the ideal duration of cooling remains controversial and inconsistent across organisations. AIM: To perform a systematic review of the evidence for the question; Among adults and children with thermal burn, does active cooling using running water as an immediate first aid intervention for 20 min or more, compared with active cooling using running water for any other duration, change the outcomes of burn size, burn depth, pain, adverse outcome (hypothermia) or complications? METHOD: We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and used ROBINS-I to assess for risk of bias. We used Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology for determining the certainty of evidence. We included all studies that compared the selected outcomes of the duration of cooling of thermal burns with water in all patient ages. (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021180665). From 560 screened references, we included four observational studies. In these studies, 48% of burns were cooled for 20 min or more. We found no benefit for a duration of 20 min or more of cooling when compared with less than 20 min of cooling for the outcomes of size and depth of burn, re-epithelialization, or skin grafting. The evidence is of very low certainty owing to limitations in study design, risk of bias and indirectness. CONCLUSION: The optimal duration of cooling for thermal burns remains unknown and future prospective research is indicated to better define this treatment recommendation.

Educational Impact of Notebook Covers on the Knowledge of Sixth-Grade Primary Pupils About Tooth Avulsion and Replantation: A Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Tooth avulsion is a common cause of tooth loss. However, there is a significant lack of knowledge about dental trauma and the appropriate emergency procedures to handle these cases. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the educational effect of notebook covers illustrated with figures and informative texts about tooth avulsion and replantation in sixth-grade primary school pupils. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixth-grade pupils of two public school participated in this study. An experimental group consisting of 134 pupils received notebook covers illustrated with figures and informative texts about tooth avulsion and replantation, while a control group of 108 pupils received notebooks with neutral covers. An assessment of the educational effects on pupils was performed after 9 months, with a standardized questionnaire normally used to evaluate dental trauma. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS 21.0 (α = .05) for group description and comparison using chi-square and Student t tests. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed statistically significant improvements in correct meaning of dental trauma (38% vs. 58.2%); procedures to follow in the case of dental avulsion (2.8% vs. 70.9%); storing the avulsed tooth in milk (18.5% vs. 76.9%); general knowledge about dental anatomy (61.1% vs. 95.5%); and the ideal time for the tooth to remain outside the mouth prior to replantation (20.4% vs. 59.7%). CONCLUSION: The use of notebook covers illustrated with figures and informative texts about dental trauma led to a significant increase in the knowledge of schoolchildren about tooth avulsion, first aid, and replantation.